尽管深度神经网络(DNNS)具有很大的概括和预测能力,但它们的功能不允许对其行为进行详细的解释。不透明的深度学习模型越来越多地用于在关键环境中做出重要的预测,而危险在于,它们做出和使用不能合理或合法化的预测。已经出现了几种可解释的人工智能(XAI)方法,这些方法与机器学习模型分开了,但对模型的实际功能和鲁棒性具有忠诚的缺点。结果,就具有解释能力的深度学习模型的重要性达成了广泛的协议,因此他们自己可以为为什么做出特定的预测提供答案。首先,我们通过形式化解释是什么是缺乏XAI的普遍标准的问题。我们还引入了一组公理和定义,以从数学角度阐明XAI。最后,我们提出了Greybox XAI,该框架由于使用了符号知识库(KB)而构成DNN和透明模型。我们从数据集中提取KB,并使用它来训练透明模型(即逻辑回归)。在RGB图像上训练了编码器 - 编码器架构,以产生类似于透明模型使用的KB的输出。一旦两个模型被独立训练,它们就会在组合上使用以形成可解释的预测模型。我们展示了这种新体系结构在几个数据集中如何准确且可解释的。
translated by 谷歌翻译
预测不确定性估计对于在现实世界自治系统中部署深层神经网络至关重要。但是,大多数成功的方法是计算密集型的。在这项工作中,我们试图在自主驾驶感知任务的背景下解决这些挑战。最近提出的确定性不确定性方法(DUM)只能部分满足其对复杂计算机视觉任务的可扩展性,这并不明显。在这项工作中,我们为高分辨率的语义分割推动了可扩展有效的DUM,它放松了Lipschitz约束通常会阻碍此类架构的实用性。我们通过利用在任意大小的可训练原型集上的区别最大化层来学习判别潜在空间。我们的方法在深层合奏,不确定性预测,图像分类,细分和单眼深度估计任务上取得了竞争成果。我们的代码可在https://github.com/ensta-u2is/ldu上找到
translated by 谷歌翻译
单眼深度在许多任务中很重要,例如3D重建和自动驾驶。基于深度学习的模型在该领域实现了最新的性能。估计单眼深度的一组新方法包括将回归任务转换为分类。但是,对于社区中回归(CAR)的分类方法缺乏详细的描述和比较,并且没有深入探索其不确定性估计的潜力。为此,本文将介绍汽车方法的分类法和摘要,对汽车的新不确定性估计解决方案以及对Kitti数据集中基于汽车模型的深度准确性和不确定性量化的一组实验。实验反映了两个骨干上各种CAR方法的可移植性的差异。同时,新提出的不确定性估计方法只能用一个正向传播胜过结合方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
对于深度学习算法来量化其输出不确定性来满足可靠性约束并提供准确的结果,这一直至关重要。由于后一类任务的标准化和高度更加直接的标准输出,回归的不确定性估计比分类更少。但是,在计算机视觉中的各种应用中遇到了回归问题。我们提出了SLURP,通过侧学习者进行了一种副学习者的通用方法,该侧学习者利用了主要任务模型生成的输出和中间表示。我们在计算机视觉中的两个关键回归任务中测试SLURP:单眼深度和光学流量估计。另外,我们进行详尽的基准,包括转移到不同的数据集并添加梯度噪声。结果表明,我们的提案是通用的,随时适用于各种回归问题,并且对现有解决方案具有低计算成本。
translated by 谷歌翻译
深层神经网络(DNN)是通过依次执行线性和非线性过程产生的。使用线性和非线性程序的组合对于生成足够深的特征空间至关重要。大多数非线性运算符是激活函数或合并函数的推导。数学形态是数学的一个分支,为各种图像处理问题提供了非线性操作员。我们调查了将这些操作集成到本文端到端深度学习框架中的实用性。 DNN旨在获得特定工作的现实代表。形态运算符给出拓扑描述符,以传达有关图像中描述的物体形状的显着信息。我们提出了一种基于元学习的方法,将形态算子纳入DNN。博学的结构展示了我们的新型形态操作如何显着提高各种任务(包括图片分类和边缘检测)的DNN性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Student success models might be prone to develop weak spots, i.e., examples hard to accurately classify due to insufficient representation during model creation. This weakness is one of the main factors undermining users' trust, since model predictions could for instance lead an instructor to not intervene on a student in need. In this paper, we unveil the need of detecting and characterizing unknown unknowns in student success prediction in order to better understand when models may fail. Unknown unknowns include the students for which the model is highly confident in its predictions, but is actually wrong. Therefore, we cannot solely rely on the model's confidence when evaluating the predictions quality. We first introduce a framework for the identification and characterization of unknown unknowns. We then assess its informativeness on log data collected from flipped courses and online courses using quantitative analyses and interviews with instructors. Our results show that unknown unknowns are a critical issue in this domain and that our framework can be applied to support their detection. The source code is available at https://github.com/epfl-ml4ed/unknown-unknowns.
translated by 谷歌翻译
A generalized understanding of protein dynamics is an unsolved scientific problem, the solution of which is critical to the interpretation of the structure-function relationships that govern essential biological processes. Here, we approach this problem by constructing coarse-grained molecular potentials based on artificial neural networks and grounded in statistical mechanics. For training, we build a unique dataset of unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of approximately 9 ms for twelve different proteins with multiple secondary structure arrangements. The coarse-grained models are capable of accelerating the dynamics by more than three orders of magnitude while preserving the thermodynamics of the systems. Coarse-grained simulations identify relevant structural states in the ensemble with comparable energetics to the all-atom systems. Furthermore, we show that a single coarse-grained potential can integrate all twelve proteins and can capture experimental structural features of mutated proteins. These results indicate that machine learning coarse-grained potentials could provide a feasible approach to simulate and understand protein dynamics.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Machine Learning models capable of handling the large datasets collected in the financial world can often become black boxes expensive to run. The quantum computing paradigm suggests new optimization techniques, that combined with classical algorithms, may deliver competitive, faster and more interpretable models. In this work we propose a quantum-enhanced machine learning solution for the prediction of credit rating downgrades, also known as fallen-angels forecasting in the financial risk management field. We implement this solution on a neutral atom Quantum Processing Unit with up to 60 qubits on a real-life dataset. We report competitive performances against the state-of-the-art Random Forest benchmark whilst our model achieves better interpretability and comparable training times. We examine how to improve performance in the near-term validating our ideas with Tensor Networks-based numerical simulations.
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器学习潜力是分子模拟的重要工具,但是由于缺乏高质量数据集来训练它们的发展,它们的开发阻碍了它们。我们描述了Spice数据集,这是一种新的量子化学数据集,用于训练与模拟与蛋白质相互作用的药物样的小分子相关的潜在。它包含超过110万个小分子,二聚体,二肽和溶剂化氨基酸的构象。它包括15个元素,带电和未充电的分子以及广泛的共价和非共价相互作用。它提供了在{\ omega} b97m-d3(bj)/def2-tzVPPD理论水平以及其他有用的数量(例如多极矩和键阶)上计算出的力和能量。我们在其上训练一组机器学习潜力,并证明它们可以在化学空间的广泛区域中实现化学精度。它可以作为创建可转移的,准备使用潜在功能用于分子模拟的宝贵资源。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们提出了一个新颖的解释性框架,旨在更好地理解面部识别模型作为基本数据特征的表现(受保护的属性:性别,种族,年龄;非保护属性:面部毛发,化妆品,配件,脸部,面部,面部,面部,面部,面部,它们被测试的变化的方向和阻塞,图像失真,情绪)。通过我们的框架,我们评估了十种最先进的面部识别模型,并在两个数据集上的安全性和可用性方面进行了比较,涉及基于性别和种族的六个小组。然后,我们分析图像特征对模型性能的影响。我们的结果表明,当考虑多归因组时,单属分析中出现的趋势消失或逆转,并且性能差异也与非保护属性有关。源代码:https://cutt.ly/2xwrlia。
translated by 谷歌翻译